![class taekwondo taekwondo near me taekwondo classes near me taekwondo classes tkd near me tiquando classes near me tiquando classes tae kwon do classes taekwondo martial arts near me near me taekwondo classes taekwondo near taekwondo schedule martial arts taekwondo near me martial arts near me taekwondo near taekwondo classes taekwon taekwondo class schedule worldclasstaekwondo teakwondo class tilaknager near class taekwondo mma taekwondo delhi near tilaknager self defansc 0 – 10 — — — — — — self defance classes near delhi 0 – 10 — — — — — — mma self defance karate 0 – 10 — — — — — — self defance mma delhi Taekwondo also spelled tae kwon do or taekwon-do, is a Korean martial art and combat sport involving punching and kicking techniques. The literal translation for taekwondo is "kicking", "punching", and "the art or way of".[5] It sometimes involves the use of weapons. Taekwondo practitioners wear a uniform, known as a dobok. It is a combat sport which was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Korean martial artists with experience in martial arts such as karate and Chinese martial arts.[6][7] The oldest governing body for taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA), formed in 1959 through a collaborative effort by representatives from the nine original kwans, or martial arts schools, in Korea. The main international organisational bodies for taekwondo today are various branches of the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), originally founded by Choi Hong-hi in 1966, and the partnership of the Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo (WT, formerly World Taekwondo Federation or WTF), founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively by the Korea Taekwondo Association.[8] Gyeorugi ([kjʌɾuɡi]), a type of full-contact sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000. In 2018, the South Korean government officially designated taekwondo as Korea's national martial art.[9] The governing body for taekwondo in the Olympics and Paralympics is World Taekwondo. History See also: Korean martial arts § History Emergence of various kwans Beginning in 1945, shortly after the end of World War II and the Japanese occupation, new martial arts schools called kwans opened in Seoul. These schools were established by Korean martial artists with backgrounds in Japanese[10] and Chinese martial arts. Early progenitors of taekwondo—the founders of the nine original kwans—who were able to study in Japan were exposed to Japanese martial arts, including karate, judo, and kendo,[11] while others were exposed to the martial arts of China and Manchuria.[7][12][13] Discussions around the historical influences of taekwondo have been controversial, with two main schools of thought: traditionalism and revisionism. Traditionalism holds that the origins of taekwondo are indigenous while revisionism, the prevailing theory, argues that taekwondo is rooted in karate.[14] In later years, the Korean government has been a significant supporter of traditionalist views as to divorce taekwondo from its link to Japan and give Korea a "legitimate cultural past".[15] Attempt to standardize taekwondo In 1952, South Korean president Syngman Rhee witnessed a martial arts demonstration by South Korean Army officers Choi Hong-hi and Nam Tae-hi from the 29th Infantry Division. He misrecognized the technique on display as taekkyon,[16][page needed][17][18] and urged martial arts to be introduced to the army under a single system. Beginning in 1955 the leaders of the kwans began discussing in earnest the possibility of creating a unified Korean martial art. Until then, "Tang Soo Do" was the term used for Korean karate, using the Korean hanja pronunciation of the Japanese kanji 唐手道. The name "Tae Soo Do" (跆手道) was also used to describe a unified style Korean martial arts. This name consists of the hanja 跆 tae "to stomp, trample", 手 su "hand" and 道 do "way, discipline".[citation needed] Choi Hong-hi advocated the use of the name "Tae Kwon Do", replacing su "hand" with 拳 kwon (Revised Romanization: gwon; McCune–Reischauer: kkwŏn) "fist", the term also used for "martial arts" in Chinese (pinyin quán).[19] The name was also the closest to the pronunciation of "taekkyon",[20][16][page needed][21] The new name was initially slow to catch on among the leaders of the kwans. During this time taekwondo was also adopted for use by the South Korean military, which increased its popularity among civilian martial arts schools.[8][page needed][16][page needed] Development of multiple styles In 1959, the Korea Tang Soo Do Association (later Korea Taekwondo Association or KTA) was established to facilitate the unification of Korean martial arts. Choi wanted all the other member kwans of the KTA to adopt his own Chan Hon-style of taekwondo, as a unified style. This was, however, met with resistance as the other kwans instead wanted a unified style to be created based on inputs from all the kwans, to serve as a way to bring on the heritage and characteristics of all of the styles, not just the style of a single kwan.[8][page needed] As a response to this, along with political disagreements about teaching taekwondo in North Korea and unifying the whole Korean Peninsula, Choi broke with the (South Korea) KTA in 1966, in order to establish the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF)— a separate governing body devoted to institutionalizing his Chan Hon-style of taekwondo in Canada.[8][page needed][16] Initially, the South Korean president gave Choi's ITF limited support, due to their personal relationship.[8][page needed] However, Choi and the government later split on the issue of whether to accept North Korean influence on the martial art. In 1972, South Korea withdrew its support for the ITF. The ITF continued to function as an independent federation, then headquartered in Toronto, Canada. Choi continued to develop the ITF-style, notably with the 1983 publication of his Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do. After his retirement, the ITF split in 2001 and then again in 2002 to create three separate ITF federations, each of which continues to operate today under the same name.[8][page needed] In 1972, the KTA and the South Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism established the Kukkiwon as the new national academy for taekwondo. Kukkiwon now serves many of the functions previously served by the KTA, in terms of defining a government-sponsored unified style of taekwondo. In 1973 the KTA and Kukkiwon supported the establishment of the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF), which later changed its name to "World Taekwondo" (WT) in 2017 due to the previous initialism overlapping with an internet slang term.[22] While the Kukkiwon focus on the martial art and self-defence aspects of Kukki-Taekwondo, the WT promoted the sportive side, and its competitions employ a subset of the techniqes present in the Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo.[8][page needed][23] For this reason, Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo is often referred to as WT-style Taekwondo, sport-style Taekwondo, or Olympic-style Taekwondo, though in reality the style is defined by the Kukkiwon, not the WT.[citation needed] Since 2021, taekwondo has been one of three Asian martial arts (the others being judo and karate), and one of six total (the others being the previously mentioned, Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling, and boxing) included in the Olympic Games. It started as a demonstration event at the 1988 games in Seoul, a year after becoming a medal event at the Pan Am Games, and became an official medal event at the 2000 games in Sydney. In 2010, taekwondo was accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport.[24] Features Flying twin foot side kick A jumping reverse hook kick See also: List of Taekwondo techniques Taekwondo is characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. In fact, WT sparring competitions award additional points for strikes that incorporate spinning kicks, kicks to the head, or both.[25] Typical curriculum A young red/black-belt performs Koryo While organizations such as ITF or Kukkiwon define the general style of taekwondo, individual clubs and schools tend to tailor their taekwondo practices. Although each taekwondo club or school is different, a student typically takes part in most or all of the following:[26] Forms (품새; pumsae or poomsae, also 형; 型; hyeong; hyung, and 틀; teul; tul): these serve the same function as kata in the study of karate Sparring (겨루기; gyeorugi or 맞서기; matseogi): sparring includes variations such as freestyle sparring (in which competitors spar without interruption for several minutes); seven-, three-, two-, and one-step sparring (in which students practice pre-arranged sparring combinations); and point sparring (in which sparring is interrupted and then resumed after each point is scored) Breaking (격파; 擊破; gyeokpa or weerok): the breaking of boards is used for testing, training, and martial arts demonstrations. Demonstrations often also incorporate bricks, tiles, and blocks of ice or other materials. These techniques can be separated into three types: Power breaking – using straightforward techniques to break as many boards as possible Speed breaking – boards are held loosely by one edge, putting special focus on the speed required to perform the break Special techniques – breaking fewer boards but by using jumping or flying techniques to attain greater height, distance, or to clear obstacles Self-defense techniques (호신술; 護身術; hosinsul) Throwing and/or falling techniques (던지기; deonjigi or tteoreojigi 떨어지기) Both anaerobic and aerobic workout, including stretching Relaxation and meditation exercises, as well as breathing control A focus on mental and ethical discipline, etiquette, justice, respect, self-confidence, and leadership skills Examinations to progress to the next rank Though weapons training is not a formal part of most taekwondo federation curricula, individual schools will often incorporate additional training with weapons such as staffs, knives, and sticks. Styles and organizations There are a number of major taekwondo styles as well as a few niche styles. Most styles are associated with a governing body or federation that defines the style.[27] The major technical differences among taekwondo styles and organizations generally revolve around:selfdefenceppt-180717071957-thumbnail](https://mmatigersdelhi.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/selfdefenceppt-180717071957-thumbnail-300x300.webp)
![class taekwondo taekwondo near me taekwondo classes near me taekwondo classes tkd near me tiquando classes near me tiquando classes tae kwon do classes taekwondo martial arts near me near me taekwondo classes taekwondo near taekwondo schedule martial arts taekwondo near me martial arts near me taekwondo near taekwondo classes taekwon taekwondo class schedule worldclasstaekwondo teakwondo class tilaknager near class taekwondo mma taekwondo delhi near tilaknager self defansc 0 – 10 — — — — — — self defance classes near delhi 0 – 10 — — — — — — mma self defance karate 0 – 10 — — — — — — self defance mma delhi Taekwondo also spelled tae kwon do or taekwon-do, is a Korean martial art and combat sport involving punching and kicking techniques. The literal translation for taekwondo is "kicking", "punching", and "the art or way of".[5] It sometimes involves the use of weapons. Taekwondo practitioners wear a uniform, known as a dobok. It is a combat sport which was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Korean martial artists with experience in martial arts such as karate and Chinese martial arts.[6][7] The oldest governing body for taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA), formed in 1959 through a collaborative effort by representatives from the nine original kwans, or martial arts schools, in Korea. The main international organisational bodies for taekwondo today are various branches of the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), originally founded by Choi Hong-hi in 1966, and the partnership of the Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo (WT, formerly World Taekwondo Federation or WTF), founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively by the Korea Taekwondo Association.[8] Gyeorugi ([kjʌɾuɡi]), a type of full-contact sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000. In 2018, the South Korean government officially designated taekwondo as Korea's national martial art.[9] The governing body for taekwondo in the Olympics and Paralympics is World Taekwondo. History See also: Korean martial arts § History Emergence of various kwans Beginning in 1945, shortly after the end of World War II and the Japanese occupation, new martial arts schools called kwans opened in Seoul. These schools were established by Korean martial artists with backgrounds in Japanese[10] and Chinese martial arts. Early progenitors of taekwondo—the founders of the nine original kwans—who were able to study in Japan were exposed to Japanese martial arts, including karate, judo, and kendo,[11] while others were exposed to the martial arts of China and Manchuria.[7][12][13] Discussions around the historical influences of taekwondo have been controversial, with two main schools of thought: traditionalism and revisionism. Traditionalism holds that the origins of taekwondo are indigenous while revisionism, the prevailing theory, argues that taekwondo is rooted in karate.[14] In later years, the Korean government has been a significant supporter of traditionalist views as to divorce taekwondo from its link to Japan and give Korea a "legitimate cultural past".[15] Attempt to standardize taekwondo In 1952, South Korean president Syngman Rhee witnessed a martial arts demonstration by South Korean Army officers Choi Hong-hi and Nam Tae-hi from the 29th Infantry Division. He misrecognized the technique on display as taekkyon,[16][page needed][17][18] and urged martial arts to be introduced to the army under a single system. Beginning in 1955 the leaders of the kwans began discussing in earnest the possibility of creating a unified Korean martial art. Until then, "Tang Soo Do" was the term used for Korean karate, using the Korean hanja pronunciation of the Japanese kanji 唐手道. The name "Tae Soo Do" (跆手道) was also used to describe a unified style Korean martial arts. This name consists of the hanja 跆 tae "to stomp, trample", 手 su "hand" and 道 do "way, discipline".[citation needed] Choi Hong-hi advocated the use of the name "Tae Kwon Do", replacing su "hand" with 拳 kwon (Revised Romanization: gwon; McCune–Reischauer: kkwŏn) "fist", the term also used for "martial arts" in Chinese (pinyin quán).[19] The name was also the closest to the pronunciation of "taekkyon",[20][16][page needed][21] The new name was initially slow to catch on among the leaders of the kwans. During this time taekwondo was also adopted for use by the South Korean military, which increased its popularity among civilian martial arts schools.[8][page needed][16][page needed] Development of multiple styles In 1959, the Korea Tang Soo Do Association (later Korea Taekwondo Association or KTA) was established to facilitate the unification of Korean martial arts. Choi wanted all the other member kwans of the KTA to adopt his own Chan Hon-style of taekwondo, as a unified style. This was, however, met with resistance as the other kwans instead wanted a unified style to be created based on inputs from all the kwans, to serve as a way to bring on the heritage and characteristics of all of the styles, not just the style of a single kwan.[8][page needed] As a response to this, along with political disagreements about teaching taekwondo in North Korea and unifying the whole Korean Peninsula, Choi broke with the (South Korea) KTA in 1966, in order to establish the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF)— a separate governing body devoted to institutionalizing his Chan Hon-style of taekwondo in Canada.[8][page needed][16] Initially, the South Korean president gave Choi's ITF limited support, due to their personal relationship.[8][page needed] However, Choi and the government later split on the issue of whether to accept North Korean influence on the martial art. In 1972, South Korea withdrew its support for the ITF. The ITF continued to function as an independent federation, then headquartered in Toronto, Canada. Choi continued to develop the ITF-style, notably with the 1983 publication of his Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do. After his retirement, the ITF split in 2001 and then again in 2002 to create three separate ITF federations, each of which continues to operate today under the same name.[8][page needed] In 1972, the KTA and the South Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism established the Kukkiwon as the new national academy for taekwondo. Kukkiwon now serves many of the functions previously served by the KTA, in terms of defining a government-sponsored unified style of taekwondo. In 1973 the KTA and Kukkiwon supported the establishment of the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF), which later changed its name to "World Taekwondo" (WT) in 2017 due to the previous initialism overlapping with an internet slang term.[22] While the Kukkiwon focus on the martial art and self-defence aspects of Kukki-Taekwondo, the WT promoted the sportive side, and its competitions employ a subset of the techniqes present in the Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo.[8][page needed][23] For this reason, Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo is often referred to as WT-style Taekwondo, sport-style Taekwondo, or Olympic-style Taekwondo, though in reality the style is defined by the Kukkiwon, not the WT.[citation needed] Since 2021, taekwondo has been one of three Asian martial arts (the others being judo and karate), and one of six total (the others being the previously mentioned, Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling, and boxing) included in the Olympic Games. It started as a demonstration event at the 1988 games in Seoul, a year after becoming a medal event at the Pan Am Games, and became an official medal event at the 2000 games in Sydney. In 2010, taekwondo was accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport.[24] Features Flying twin foot side kick A jumping reverse hook kick See also: List of Taekwondo techniques Taekwondo is characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. In fact, WT sparring competitions award additional points for strikes that incorporate spinning kicks, kicks to the head, or both.[25] Typical curriculum A young red/black-belt performs Koryo While organizations such as ITF or Kukkiwon define the general style of taekwondo, individual clubs and schools tend to tailor their taekwondo practices. Although each taekwondo club or school is different, a student typically takes part in most or all of the following:[26] Forms (품새; pumsae or poomsae, also 형; 型; hyeong; hyung, and 틀; teul; tul): these serve the same function as kata in the study of karate Sparring (겨루기; gyeorugi or 맞서기; matseogi): sparring includes variations such as freestyle sparring (in which competitors spar without interruption for several minutes); seven-, three-, two-, and one-step sparring (in which students practice pre-arranged sparring combinations); and point sparring (in which sparring is interrupted and then resumed after each point is scored) Breaking (격파; 擊破; gyeokpa or weerok): the breaking of boards is used for testing, training, and martial arts demonstrations. Demonstrations often also incorporate bricks, tiles, and blocks of ice or other materials. These techniques can be separated into three types: Power breaking – using straightforward techniques to break as many boards as possible Speed breaking – boards are held loosely by one edge, putting special focus on the speed required to perform the break Special techniques – breaking fewer boards but by using jumping or flying techniques to attain greater height, distance, or to clear obstacles Self-defense techniques (호신술; 護身術; hosinsul) Throwing and/or falling techniques (던지기; deonjigi or tteoreojigi 떨어지기) Both anaerobic and aerobic workout, including stretching Relaxation and meditation exercises, as well as breathing control A focus on mental and ethical discipline, etiquette, justice, respect, self-confidence, and leadership skills Examinations to progress to the next rank Though weapons training is not a formal part of most taekwondo federation curricula, individual schools will often incorporate additional training with weapons such as staffs, knives, and sticks. Styles and organizations There are a number of major taekwondo styles as well as a few niche styles. Most styles are associated with a governing body or federation that defines the style.[27] The major technical differences among taekwondo styles and organizations generally revolve around:selfdefenceppt-180717071957-thumbnailmmatigersdelhi.com (6)](https://mmatigersdelhi.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mmatigersdelhi.com-6-2-1024x512.png)
![maxresdefault (6)class taekwondo taekwondo near me taekwondo classes near me taekwondo classes tkd near me tiquando classes near me tiquando classes tae kwon do classes taekwondo martial arts near me near me taekwondo classes taekwondo near taekwondo schedule martial arts taekwondo near me martial arts near me taekwondo near taekwondo classes taekwon taekwondo class schedule worldclasstaekwondo teakwondo class tilaknager near class taekwondo mma taekwondo delhi Taekwondo also spelled tae kwon do or taekwon-do, is a Korean martial art and combat sport involving punching and kicking techniques. The literal translation for taekwondo is "kicking", "punching", and "the art or way of".[5] It sometimes involves the use of weapons. Taekwondo practitioners wear a uniform, known as a dobok. It is a combat sport which was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Korean martial artists with experience in martial arts such as karate and Chinese martial arts.[6][7] The oldest governing body for taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA), formed in 1959 through a collaborative effort by representatives from the nine original kwans, or martial arts schools, in Korea. The main international organisational bodies for taekwondo today are various branches of the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), originally founded by Choi Hong-hi in 1966, and the partnership of the Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo (WT, formerly World Taekwondo Federation or WTF), founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively by the Korea Taekwondo Association.[8] Gyeorugi ([kjʌɾuɡi]), a type of full-contact sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000. In 2018, the South Korean government officially designated taekwondo as Korea's national martial art.[9] The governing body for taekwondo in the Olympics and Paralympics is World Taekwondo. History See also: Korean martial arts § History Emergence of various kwans Beginning in 1945, shortly after the end of World War II and the Japanese occupation, new martial arts schools called kwans opened in Seoul. These schools were established by Korean martial artists with backgrounds in Japanese[10] and Chinese martial arts. Early progenitors of taekwondo—the founders of the nine original kwans—who were able to study in Japan were exposed to Japanese martial arts, including karate, judo, and kendo,[11] while others were exposed to the martial arts of China and Manchuria.[7][12][13] Discussions around the historical influences of taekwondo have been controversial, with two main schools of thought: traditionalism and revisionism. Traditionalism holds that the origins of taekwondo are indigenous while revisionism, the prevailing theory, argues that taekwondo is rooted in karate.[14] In later years, the Korean government has been a significant supporter of traditionalist views as to divorce taekwondo from its link to Japan and give Korea a "legitimate cultural past".[15] Attempt to standardize taekwondo In 1952, South Korean president Syngman Rhee witnessed a martial arts demonstration by South Korean Army officers Choi Hong-hi and Nam Tae-hi from the 29th Infantry Division. He misrecognized the technique on display as taekkyon,[16][page needed][17][18] and urged martial arts to be introduced to the army under a single system. Beginning in 1955 the leaders of the kwans began discussing in earnest the possibility of creating a unified Korean martial art. Until then, "Tang Soo Do" was the term used for Korean karate, using the Korean hanja pronunciation of the Japanese kanji 唐手道. The name "Tae Soo Do" (跆手道) was also used to describe a unified style Korean martial arts. This name consists of the hanja 跆 tae "to stomp, trample", 手 su "hand" and 道 do "way, discipline".[citation needed] Choi Hong-hi advocated the use of the name "Tae Kwon Do", replacing su "hand" with 拳 kwon (Revised Romanization: gwon; McCune–Reischauer: kkwŏn) "fist", the term also used for "martial arts" in Chinese (pinyin quán).[19] The name was also the closest to the pronunciation of "taekkyon",[20][16][page needed][21] The new name was initially slow to catch on among the leaders of the kwans. During this time taekwondo was also adopted for use by the South Korean military, which increased its popularity among civilian martial arts schools.[8][page needed][16][page needed] Development of multiple styles In 1959, the Korea Tang Soo Do Association (later Korea Taekwondo Association or KTA) was established to facilitate the unification of Korean martial arts. Choi wanted all the other member kwans of the KTA to adopt his own Chan Hon-style of taekwondo, as a unified style. This was, however, met with resistance as the other kwans instead wanted a unified style to be created based on inputs from all the kwans, to serve as a way to bring on the heritage and characteristics of all of the styles, not just the style of a single kwan.[8][page needed] As a response to this, along with political disagreements about teaching taekwondo in North Korea and unifying the whole Korean Peninsula, Choi broke with the (South Korea) KTA in 1966, in order to establish the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF)— a separate governing body devoted to institutionalizing his Chan Hon-style of taekwondo in Canada.[8][page needed][16] Initially, the South Korean president gave Choi's ITF limited support, due to their personal relationship.[8][page needed] However, Choi and the government later split on the issue of whether to accept North Korean influence on the martial art. In 1972, South Korea withdrew its support for the ITF. The ITF continued to function as an independent federation, then headquartered in Toronto, Canada. Choi continued to develop the ITF-style, notably with the 1983 publication of his Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do. After his retirement, the ITF split in 2001 and then again in 2002 to create three separate ITF federations, each of which continues to operate today under the same name.[8][page needed] In 1972, the KTA and the South Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism established the Kukkiwon as the new national academy for taekwondo. Kukkiwon now serves many of the functions previously served by the KTA, in terms of defining a government-sponsored unified style of taekwondo. In 1973 the KTA and Kukkiwon supported the establishment of the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF), which later changed its name to "World Taekwondo" (WT) in 2017 due to the previous initialism overlapping with an internet slang term.[22] While the Kukkiwon focus on the martial art and self-defence aspects of Kukki-Taekwondo, the WT promoted the sportive side, and its competitions employ a subset of the techniqes present in the Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo.[8][page needed][23] For this reason, Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo is often referred to as WT-style Taekwondo, sport-style Taekwondo, or Olympic-style Taekwondo, though in reality the style is defined by the Kukkiwon, not the WT.[citation needed] Since 2021, taekwondo has been one of three Asian martial arts (the others being judo and karate), and one of six total (the others being the previously mentioned, Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling, and boxing) included in the Olympic Games. It started as a demonstration event at the 1988 games in Seoul, a year after becoming a medal event at the Pan Am Games, and became an official medal event at the 2000 games in Sydney. In 2010, taekwondo was accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport.[24] Features Flying twin foot side kick A jumping reverse hook kick See also: List of Taekwondo techniques Taekwondo is characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. In fact, WT sparring competitions award additional points for strikes that incorporate spinning kicks, kicks to the head, or both.[25] Typical curriculum A young red/black-belt performs Koryo While organizations such as ITF or Kukkiwon define the general style of taekwondo, individual clubs and schools tend to tailor their taekwondo practices. Although each taekwondo club or school is different, a student typically takes part in most or all of the following:[26] Forms (품새; pumsae or poomsae, also 형; 型; hyeong; hyung, and 틀; teul; tul): these serve the same function as kata in the study of karate Sparring (겨루기; gyeorugi or 맞서기; matseogi): sparring includes variations such as freestyle sparring (in which competitors spar without interruption for several minutes); seven-, three-, two-, and one-step sparring (in which students practice pre-arranged sparring combinations); and point sparring (in which sparring is interrupted and then resumed after each point is scored) Breaking (격파; 擊破; gyeokpa or weerok): the breaking of boards is used for testing, training, and martial arts demonstrations. Demonstrations often also incorporate bricks, tiles, and blocks of ice or other materials. These techniques can be separated into three types: Power breaking – using straightforward techniques to break as many boards as possible Speed breaking – boards are held loosely by one edge, putting special focus on the speed required to perform the break Special techniques – breaking fewer boards but by using jumping or flying techniques to attain greater height, distance, or to clear obstacles Self-defense techniques (호신술; 護身術; hosinsul) Throwing and/or falling techniques (던지기; deonjigi or tteoreojigi 떨어지기) Both anaerobic and aerobic workout, including stretching Relaxation and meditation exercises, as well as breathing control A focus on mental and ethical discipline, etiquette, justice, respect, self-confidence, and leadership skills Examinations to progress to the next rank Though weapons training is not a formal part of most taekwondo federation curricula, individual schools will often incorporate additional training with weapons such as staffs, knives, and sticks. Styles and organizations There are a number of major taekwondo styles as well as a few niche styles. Most styles are associated with a governing body or federation that defines the style.[27] The major technical differences among taekwondo styles and organizations generally revolve around: the patterns practiced by each style (called 형; hyeong, pumsae 품새, or tul 틀, depending on the style); these are sets of prescribed formal sequences of movements that demonstrate mastery of posture, positioning, and technique differences in the sparring rules for competition. martial arts philosophy. 1946: Traditional Taekwondo "Traditional Taekwondo" refers to the 1940s and 1950s martial arts by the nine original kwans. They used a number of different names such as Tang Soo Do (Chinese Hand Way),[b] Kong Soo Do (Empty Hand Way)[c] and Tae Soo Do (Foot Hand Way).[d] Traditional Taekwondo is still practised today but generally under names like Tang Soo Do and Soo Bahk Do.[8][16] In 1959, the name taekwondo was agreed upon by the nine original kwans as a common term for their martial arts. As part of the unification process, The Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) was formed through a collaborative effort by representatives from all the kwans, and the work began on a common curriculum, which eventually resulted in the Kukkiwon and the Kukki Style of Taekwondo. The original kwans that formed KTA continues to exist today, but as independent fraternal membership organizations that support the World Taekwondo and Kukkiwon. The kwans also function as a channel for the issuing of Kukkiwon dan and poom certification (black belt ranks) for their members. The official curriculum of those kwans that joined the unification is that of the Kukkiwon, with the notable exception of half the Oh Do Kwan which joined the ITF instead and therefore uses the Chan Hon curriculum.[citation needed] 1966: ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF)-style Taekwondo, more accurately known as Chang Hon-style Taekwondo, is defined by Choi Hong-hi's Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do published in 1983.[28] In 1990, the Global Taekwondo Federation (GTF) split from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding the ITF; the GTF continues to practice ITF-style Taekwondo, however, with additional elements incorporated into the style. Likewise, the ITF itself split in 2001 and again in 2002 into three separate federations, headquartered in Austria, the United Kingdom, and Spain respectively.[29][30][31] The GTF and all three ITFs practice Choi's ITF-style Taekwondo. In ITF-style Taekwondo, the word used for "forms" is tul; the specific set of tul used by the ITF is called Chang Hon. Choi defined 24 Chang Hon tul. The names and symbolism of the Chang Hon tul refer to elements of Korean history, culture and religious philosophy. The GTF-variant of ITF practices an additional six tul.[citation needed] Within the ITF taekwondo tradition there are two sub-styles: The style of taekwondo practised by the ITF before its 1973 split with the KTA is sometimes called by ITF practitioners "Traditional Taekwondo", though a more accurate term would be Traditional ITF Taekwondo. After the 1973 split, Choi Hong-hi continued to develop and refine the style, ultimately publishing his work in his 1983 Encyclopedia of Taekwondo. Among the refinements incorporated into this new sub-style is the "sine wave"; one of Choi Hong-hi's later principles of taekwondo is that the body's centre of gravity should be raised-and-lowered throughout a movement. Some ITF schools adopt the sine wave style, while others do not. Essentially all ITF schools do, however, use the patterns (tul) defined in the Encyclopedia, with some exceptions related to the forms Juche and Ko-Dang.[citation needed] 1969: ATA/Songahm-style Taekwondo In 1969, Haeng Ung Lee, a former taekwondo instructor in the South Korean military, relocated to Omaha, Nebraska and established a chain of martial arts schools in the United States under the banner of the American Taekwondo Association (ATA). Like Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo, ATA Taekwondo has its roots in traditional taekwondo. The style of taekwondo practised by the ATA is called Songahm Taekwondo. The ATA went on to become one of the largest chains of taekwondo schools in the United States.[32] The ATA established international spin-offs called the Songahm Taekwondo Federation (STF) and the World Traditional Taekwondo Union (WTTU) to promote the practice of Songahm Taekwondo internationally. In 2015, all the spin-offs were reunited under the umbrella of ATA International.[citation needed] 1970s: Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo Not to be confused with Rhee Taekwon-Do. In 1962 Jhoon Rhee, upon graduating from college in Texas, relocated to and established a chain of martial arts schools in the Washington, D.C. area that practiced Traditional Taekwondo.[e] In the 1970s, at the urging of Choi Hong-hi, Rhee adopted ITF-style Taekwondo within his chain of schools, but like the GTF later departed from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding Choi and the ITF. Rhee went on to develop his own style of taekwondo called Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo, incorporating elements of both traditional and ITF-style Taekwondo as well as original elements.[33] 1972: Kukki-style / WT-Taekwondo Relative popularity of Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo around the world In 1972 the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) Central Dojang opened in Seoul; in 1973 the name was changed to Kukkiwon. Under the sponsorship of the South Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism the Kukkiwon became the new national academy for taekwondo, thereby establishing a new "unified" style of taekwondo.[23] In 1973 the KTA established the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF, now called World Taekwondo, WT) to promote the sportive side of Kukki-Taekwondo. The International Olympic Committee recognized the WT and taekwondo sparring in 1980. For this reason, the Kukkiwon-defined style of taekwondo is sometimes referred to as Sport-style Taekwondo, Olympic-style Taekwondo, or WT-style Taekwondo, but the style itself is defined by the Kukkiwon, not by the WT, and the WT competition ruleset itself only allows the use of a very small number of the total number of techniques included in the style.[34] Extreme Taekwondo Extreme Taekwondo is a hybrid style created in 2008, by Taekwondo practitioner Shin-Min Cheol, who also founded Mirime Korea in 2012, a production company that helped spreading his style. His company is based on promoting TKD tournaments, in a style which mixed other martial arts like Karate and Capoeira.[35] Hup Kwon Do Hup Kwon Do is a hybrid style of Taekwondo created by a malayan martial artist called Grandmaster Lee in 1989. He opened his first school in Penang, and originally developed this system as a self-defense technique, mixing Taekwondo with a multitude of other martial arts, such as Kendo, Bokken, Wado Shimpo, Kickboxing and Karate. It is mainly governed by the World Hupkwondo Council (WHC).[36][37] Han Moo Do Han Moo Doo is a hybrid martial art created by Korean practitioner Yoon Sung Hwang in 1989, in Kahauva, Finland. Like other variations of Taekwondo, it first started out as a method of self-defense before spreading across Northern countries such as Sweren, Norway and Denmark. It combines Taekwondo with other Korean martial arts like Hapkido and Hoi Jeon Moo Sool. It mixes striking and grappling techniques, and some schools also incorporate weapons training into it.[38][39] Han Mu Do Han Mu Do is a martial art developed by Koream practitioner Dr. Young Kimm, who founded the World Hanmudo Association to assure the preservation of his style. Its ideals are mostly based off the Han phylosophy, mainly about the mind balance of the practitioner. Young Kimm studied Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sul, Hapkido, Korean Judo and Kum Do, mixing it all of their techniques together to create his own style.[40][41] Teuk Gong Moo Sool Teukgong Moosool is a combat system developed in South Korea by the special forces units that is prohected to stop the opponent as quick as possible, although it was also used in sports competition. It is a hybrid style that mixes Taekwondo, Judo, Hapkido, Sanda (and other chinese wushu styles) and Korean Kickboxing and it follows the Yin-Yang and five elements phylosophy. Its origins date back to the 1960's-1970's, but it was only introduced in special forces training in 1979.[42][43] Equipment and facilities A WT-style dobok A dojang A taekwondo practitioner typically wears a dobok (도복; 道服) uniform with a belt tied around the waist. When sparring, padded equipment is usually worn. In the ITF tradition, typically only the hands and feet are padded. In the Kukkiwon/WT tradition, full-contact sparring is facilitated by the employment of more extensive equipment: padded helmets called homyun are always worn, as are padded torso protectors called hogu; feet, shins, groins, hands, and forearms protectors are also worn.[citation needed] The school or place where instruction is given is called a dojang (도장; 道場). Ranks, belts, and promotion Exhibition of taekwondo students at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City Taekwondo ranks vary from style to style and are not standardized. For junior ranks, ranks are indicated by a number and the term (급; 級; geup, gup, or kup), which represents belt color. A belt color may have a stripe in it. Ranks typically count down from higher numbers to lower ones. For senior ranks ("black belt" ranks), each rank is called a dan 단 (段) or "degree" and counts upwards.[citation needed] Students must pass tests to advance ranks, and promotions happen at variable rate depending on the school.[citation needed] Titles can also come with ranks. For example, in the International Taekwon-Do Federation, instructors holding 1st to 3rd dan are called boosabum (부사범; 副師範; "assistant instructor"), those holding 4th to 6th dan are called sabum (사범; 師範; "instructor"), those holding 7th to 8th dan are called sahyun (사현; 師賢; "master"), and those holding 9th dan are called saseong (사성; 師聖; "grandmaster").[44] In WT/Kukki-Taekwondo, instructors holding 1st. to 3rd. dan are considered assistant instructors (kyosa-nim), are not yet allowed to issue ranks, and are generally thought of as still having much to learn. Instructors who hold a 4th. to 6th. dan are considered master instructors (sabum-nim), and are allowed to grade students to ranks beneath their own. Rules of Taekwondo Promotion Test, Kukkiwon Those who hold a 7th–9th dan are considered Grandmasters. Kukkiwon-issued ranks also hold an age requirement, with grandmaster ranks requiring an age of over forty.[45] Forms (patterns) Main article: List of Taekwondo techniques § Patterns, poomsae, hyung, tul A demonstration at Kuopio-halli in Kuopio, Finland Three Korean terms may be used with reference to taekwondo forms or patterns. These forms are equivalent to kata in karate. Hyeong (sometimes hyung; 형; 形) is the term usually used in Traditional Taekwondo (i.e., 1950s–1960s styles of Korean martial arts). Poomsae (sometimes pumsae or formerly poomse; 품새; 品勢) is the term officially used by Kukkiwon/WT-style and ATA-style Taekwondo. Teul (officially romanized as tul; 틀) is the term usually used in ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo. A hyeong is a systematic, prearranged sequence of martial techniques that is performed either with or without the use of a weapon.[citation needed] Different taekwondo styles and associations (ATA, ITF, GTF, WT, etc.) use different taekwondo forms.[citation needed] Philosophy Different styles of taekwondo adopt different philosophical underpinnings. Many of these underpinnings however refer back to the Five Commandments of the Hwarang as a historical referent. For example, Choi Hong-hi expressed his philosophical basis for taekwondo as the Five Tenets of Taekwondo:[46] Courtesy (예의; 禮儀; yeui) Integrity (염치; 廉恥; yeomchi) Perseverance (인내; 忍耐; innae) Self-control (극기; 克己; geukgi) Indomitable spirit (백절불굴; 百折不屈; baekjeolbulgul) These tenets are further articulated in a taekwondo oath, also authored by Choi: I shall observe the tenets of taekwondo I shall respect the instructor and seniors I shall never misuse taekwondo I shall be a champion of freedom and justice I shall build a more peaceful world Modern ITF organizations have continued to update and expand upon this philosophy.[47][48] The World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) also refers to the commandments of the Hwarang in the articulation of its taekwondo philosophy.[49] Like the ITF philosophy, it centers on the development of a peaceful society as one of the overarching goals for the practice of taekwondo. The WT's stated philosophy is that this goal can be furthered by adoption of the Hwarang spirit, by behaving rationally ("education in accordance with the reason of heaven"), and by recognition of the philosophies embodied in the taegeuk (the yin and the yang, i.e., "the unity of opposites") and the sam taegeuk (understanding change in the world as the interactions of the heavens, the Earth, and Man). The philosophical position articulated by the Kukkiwon is likewise based on the Hwarang tradition.[50] Theory of power The emphasis on speed and agility is a defining characteristic of taekwondo and has its origins in analyses undertaken by Choi Hong-hi. The results of that analysis are known by ITF practitioners as Choi's Theory of Power. Choi based his understanding of power on biomechanics and Newtonian physics as well as Chinese martial arts. For example, Choi observed that the kinetic energy of a strike increases quadratically with the speed of the strike, but increases only linearly with the mass of the striking object. In other words, speed is more important than size in terms of generating power. This principle was incorporated into the early design of taekwondo and is still used.[16][28] Choi also advocated a "relax/strike" principle for taekwondo; in other words, between blocks, kicks, and strikes the practitioner should relax the body, then tense the muscles only while performing the technique. It is believed that the relax/strike principle increases the power of the technique, by conserving the body's energy. He expanded on this principle with his advocacy of the "sine wave" technique. This involves raising one's centre of gravity between techniques, then lowering it as the technique is performed, producing the up-and-down movement from which the term "sine wave" is derived.[28] The components of the Theory of Power include:[51] Reaction Force: the principle that as the striking limb is brought forward, other parts of the body should be brought backwards in order to provide more power to the striking limb. As an example, if the right leg is brought forward in a roundhouse kick, the right arm is brought backwards to provide the reaction force. Concentration: the principle of bringing as many muscles as possible to bear on a strike, concentrating the area of impact into as small an area as possible. Equilibrium: maintaining a correct centre-of-balance throughout a technique. Breath Control: the idea that during a strike one should exhale, with the exhalation concluding at the moment of impact. Mass: the principle of bringing as much of the body to bear on a strike as possible; again using the turning kick as an example, the idea would be to rotate the hip as well as the leg during the kick in order to take advantage of the hip's additional mass in terms of providing power to the kick. Speed: as previously noted, the speed of execution of a technique in taekwondo is deemed to be even more important than mass in terms of providing power. Competitions Sparring in a taekwondo class Taekwondo competitions typically involve sparring, breaking, and patterns; some tournaments also include special events such as demonstration teams and self-defense (hosinsul). In Olympic taekwondo competitions, however, only sparring (using WT competition rules) is performed.[52] There are two kinds of competition sparring: point sparring, in which all strikes are light contact and the clock is stopped when a point is scored; and Olympic sparring, where all strikes are full contact and the clock continues when points are scored.[citation needed] World Taekwondo Official WT trunk protector (hogu), forearm guards and shin guards Under World Taekwondo (WT, formerly WTF) and Olympic rules, sparring is a full-contact event, employing a continuous scoring system where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring each technique, taking place between two competitors in either an area measuring 8 meters square or an octagon of similar size.[53] Competitors are matched within gender and weight division—eight divisions for World Championships that are condensed to four for the Olympics. A win can occur by points, or if one competitor is unable to continue (knockout). However, there are several decisions that can lead to a win, as well, including superiority, withdrawal, disqualification, or even a referee's punitive declaration.[54] Each match consists of three two-minute rounds, with one minute rest between rounds, though these are often abbreviated or shortened for some junior and regional tournaments.[53] Competitors must wear a hogu, head protector, shin pads, foot socks, forearm guards, hand gloves, a mouthpiece, and a groin cup. Tournaments sanctioned by national governing bodies or the WT, including the Olympics and World Championship, use electronic hogus, electronic foot socks, and electronic head protectors to register and determine scoring techniques, with human judges used to assess and score technical (spinning) techniques and score punches.[53] Points are awarded for permitted techniques delivered to the legal scoring areas as determined by an electronic scoring system, which assesses the strength and location of the contact. The only techniques allowed are kicks (delivering a strike using an area of the foot below the ankle), punches (delivering a strike using the closed fist), and pushes. In some smaller tournaments, and in the past, points were awarded by three corner judges using electronic scoring tallies. All major national and international tournaments have moved fully (as of 2017) to electronic scoring, including the use of electronic headgear. This limits corner judges to scoring only technical points and punches. Some believe that the new electronic scoring system reduces controversy concerning judging decisions,[55] but this technology is still not universally accepted.[56] In particular, the move to electronic headgear has replaced controversy over judging with controversy over how the technology has changed the sport. Because the headgear is not able to determine if a kick was a correct taekwondo technique, and the pressure threshold for sensor activation for headgear is kept low for safety reasons, athletes who improvised ways of placing their foot on their opponents head were able to score points, regardless of how true to taekwondo those techniques were.[57] Techniques are divided into three categories: scoring techniques (such as a kick to the hogu), permitted but non-scoring techniques (such as a kick that strikes an arm), and not-permitted techniques (such as a kick below the waist). A punch that makes strong contact with the opponent's hogu scores 1 point. The punch must be a straight punch with arm extended; jabs, hooks, uppercuts, etc. are permitted but do not score. Punches to the head are not allowed. A regular kick (no turning or spinning) to the hogu scores 2 points. A regular kick (no turning or spinning) to the head scores 3 points A technical kick (a kick that involves turning or spinning) to the hogu scores 4 points. A technical kick to the head scores 5 points. As of October 2010, 4 points were awarded if a turning kick was used to execute this attack. As of June 2018, this was changed to 5 points.[58] The referee can give penalties at any time for rule-breaking, such as hitting an area not recognized as a target, usually the legs or neck. Penalties, called "Gam-jeom" are counted as an addition of one point for the opposing contestant. Following 10 "Gam-jeom" a player is declared the loser by referee's punitive declaration[53] At the end of three rounds, the competitor with most points wins the match. In the event of a tie, a fourth "sudden death" overtime round, sometimes called a "Golden Point", is held to determine the winner after a one-minute rest period. In this round, the first competitor to score a point wins the match. If there is no score in the additional round, the winner is decided by superiority, as determined by the refereeing officials[58] or number of fouls committed during that round. If a competitor has a 20-point lead at the end of the second round or achieves a 20-point lead at any point in the third round, then the match is over and that competitor is declared the winner.[53] In addition to sparring competition, World Taekwondo sanctions competition in poomsae or forms, although this is not an Olympic event. Single competitors perform a designated pattern of movements, and are assessed by judges for accuracy (accuracy of movements, balance, precision of details) and presentation (speed and power, rhythm, energy), both of which receive numerical scores, with deductions made for errors.[59] Pair and team competition is also recognized, where two or more competitors perform the same form at the same time. In addition to competition with the traditional forms, there is experimentation with freestyle forms that allow more creativity.[59] International Taekwon-Do Federation Common styles of ITF point sparring equipment The International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) has sparring rules similar to the WT's, but they differ in some ways: Hand attacks to the head are allowed.[60] The competition is not full contact, and excessive contact is not allowed. Competitors are penalized with disqualification if they injure their opponent and he can no longer continue (knockout). The scoring system is: 1 point for Punch to the body or head. 2 points for Jumping kick to the body or kick to the head, or a jumping punch to the head 3 points for Jumping kick to the head The competition area is 9×9 meters for international events. Competitors do not wear the hogu (although they are required to wear approved foot and hand protection equipment, as well as optional head guards). This scoring system varies between individual organisations within the ITF; for example, in the TAGB, punches to the head or body score 1 point, kicks to the body score 2 points, and kicks to the head score 3 points. A continuous point system is utilized in ITF competition, where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring a technique. Excessive contact is generally not allowed according to the official ruleset, and judges penalize any competitor with disqualification if they injure their opponent and he can no longer continue (although these rules vary between ITF organizations). At the end of two minutes (or some other specified time), the competitor with more scoring techniques wins. Fouls in ITF sparring include: attacking a fallen opponent, leg sweeping, holding/grabbing, or intentional attack to a target other than the opponent.[61] ITF competitions also feature performances of patterns, breaking, and 'special techniques' (where competitors perform prescribed board breaks at great heights). Multi-discipline competition Some organizations deliver multi-discipline competitions, for example the British Student Taekwondo Federation's inter-university competitions, which have included separate WT rules sparring, ITF rules sparring, Kukkiwon patterns and Chang-Hon patterns events run in parallel since 1992.[62] Other organizations American Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) competitions are very similar, except that different styles of pads and gear are allowed.[63] List of competitions World Taekwondo competitions World Taekwondo (WT) directly sanctions the following competitions:[64] World Taekwondo Poomsae Championships World Taekwondo Championships World Para Taekwondo Championships (since 2009)[65] World Taekwondo Cadet Championships World Taekwondo Junior Championships World Taekwondo Team Championships World Taekwondo Para Championships World Taekwondo Grand Prix World Taekwondo Grand Slam World Taekwondo Beach Championships Olympic Games Paralympic Games (debut in 2020 Tokyo Paralympics)[66] Other tournaments These feature WT Taekwondo only:[citation needed] African Games Asian Games European Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Universiade Taekwondo is also an optional sport at the Commonwealth Games.[citation needed] Weight divisions The following weight divisions are in effect due to the WT[67] and ITF[68] tournament rules and regulations: Olympics Male Female −58 kg −49 kg −68 kg −57 kg −80 kg −67 kg +80 kg +67 kg WT Male Championships Juniors Adults −45 kg −54 kg −48 kg −51 kg −55 kg −59 kg −58 kg −63 kg −63 kg −68 kg −68 kg −73 kg −74 kg −78 kg +78 kg −80 kg −87 kg +87 kg WT Female Championships Juniors Adults −42 kg −46 kg −44 kg −46 kg −49 kg −49 kg −52 kg −53 kg −55 kg −59 kg −57 kg −63 kg −62 kg −68 kg −67 kg +68 kg −73 kg +73 kg ITF Male Championships Juniors Adults (18–39 yrs) Veterans over 40 Veterans over 50 −45 kg −50 kg −64 kg −66 kg −51 kg −57 kg −57 kg −64 kg −73 kg −63 kg −71 kg −69 kg −78 kg −80 kg −80 kg −75 kg −85 kg −90 kg +75 kg +85 kg +90 kg +80 kg ITF Female Championships Juniors Adults (18–39 yrs) Veterans over 40 Veterans over 50 −40 kg −45 kg −54 kg −60 kg −46 kg −51 kg −52 kg −57 kg −61 kg −58 kg −63 kg −64 kg −69 kg −68 kg −75 kg −70 kg −75 kg −75 kg +70 kg +75 kg +75 kg +75 kg Taekwondo Korean terms Some common taekwondo terminology and parts of the body In taekwondo schools—even outside Korea—Korean language commands and vocabulary are often used. Korean numerals may be used as prompts for commands or for counting repetition exercises. Different schools and associations will use different vocabulary, however, and may even refer to entirely different techniques by the same name. As one example, in Kukkiwon/WT-style Taekwondo, the term ap seogi refers to an upright walking stance, while in ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo ap seogi refers to a long, low, front stance. Korean vocabulary commonly used in taekwondo schools includes: Basic Commands Hand Techniques Foot Techniques Stances Technique Direction Titles Other/Miscellaneous Notable practitioners Main article: List of Taekwondo practitioners See also icon Society portal Martial arts portal Para Taekwondo Tae Kwon Do Life Magazine Taekwondo student oath Taekwondo in India Notes Namely Shotokan and Shudokan, which served as basis for styles practiced by the original nine Kwans. Used by Chung Do Kwan and Moo Duk Kwan Used by Yun Mu Kwan/Jidokwan and YMCA Kwon Bop Bu/Chang Moo Kwan Was an early name of taekwondo before Choi Hong-hi managed to convince the organization to adopt the name taekwondo instead. Tang Soo Do, Chung Do Kwan References Kang, Won Sik; Lee, Kyong Myung (1999). A Modern History of Taekwondo. Seoul: Pogyŏng Munhwasa. ISBN 978-89-358-0124-4. "tae kwon do". OxfordDictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017. "tae kwon do". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017. "tae kwon do". Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017. "taekwondo – Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Archived from the original on 2020-12-28. Retrieved 2021-01-22. "Flying Kicks: The Roots of Taekwondo and the Future of Martial Arts". Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. 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Boston: YMAA Publication Center. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-59439-066-1. Park, Cindy; Kim, Tae Yang (2016-06-12). "Historical Views on the Origins of Korea's Taekwondo". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 33 (9): 978–989. doi:10.1080/09523367.2016.1233867. ISSN 0952-3367. S2CID 151514066. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2020-03-21. Moenig, Udo. "The Influence of Korean Nationalism on the Formational Process of T'aekwŏndo in South Korea". ao.81.2.10moe. Archived from the original on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2020-05-05. Gillis, Alex (2008). A Killing Art: The Untold History of Tae Kwon Do. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1550228250. Lo, David. "Taekwon-do: A Broken Family?" (PDF). Thesis prepared for 4th dan granting requirements. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2017. The President was amazed and asked General Choi what the new martial art is called. President Rhee was a nationalist, hated the Japanese and would not approve the soldiers practicing Japanese martial arts such as Tang Soo Do or Korean Karate. Someone said to the President that it was Tang Soo Do. 'No, it's T'aekkyon' the President countered. The president later instructed General Choi to teach the T'aekkyon martial art to more Korean soldiers. テコンドーの歴史も2千年？ 空手の親？ 消された創始者（1/3）. KoreaWorldTimes (in Japanese). 2021-07-23. Archived from the original on 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2021-09-22. "General Choi, utilizing both his advanced education and Calligraphy skills that involved extensive knowledge of Chinese characters and language, searched for and later conceived of the new term Tae Kwon Do. This label more accurately reflected the shifting emphasis on the use of the legs for kicking". General Choi Taekwon-do Association (India) website. Archived from the original on 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2019-06-05. "Interview with Nam Tae-Hi making it clear that Tae Kwon Do came from Korean Karate (also known as "Shotokan Karate," "Tang Soo Do" and "Kong Soo Do"). At a martial arts meeting in 1955, Choi presented a fictional argument connecting Taekwon-Do to Taekkyon, an old martial art". 2011. Archived from the original on 2019-07-01. Retrieved 2019-06-15. Lo, David. "Nam and General Choi faced a dilemma as they could not teach the Koreans Karate and call it Taekkyeon. They needed a new name urgently but the President liked the name Taekkyon" (PDF). Thesis prepared for 4th dan granting requirements. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2017. "World Taekwondo Federation changes name over 'negative connotations'". BBC Sport. 2017-06-24. Archived from the original on 2019-10-02. Retrieved 2017-10-02. "Kukkiwon History". Kukkiwon.or.kr. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2014. Williams, Bob (23 June 2010). "Taekwondo set to join 2018 Commonwealth Games after 'category two' classification". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2010. "WT Competition Rules". WorldTaekwondo.org. Retrieved September 7, 2014.[permanent dead link] Kim, Sang H. (2002). Martial Arts Instructors Desk Reference: A Complete Guide to Martial Arts Administration. Turtle Press. ASIN B001GIOGL4. "Different styles of Taekwondo". ActiveSG. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2020-05-14. Choi, Hong Hi (1983). Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do. International Taekwon-Do Federation. ASIN B008UAO292. "ITF Austria". itf-tkd.org. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020. "ITF United Kingdom". Itf-administration.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2014. "ITF Spain". taekwondoitf.org. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020. "ATA History". Ataon;ine.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2014. "The Jhoon Rhee Story". Jhoonrhee.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2014. "WTF History". Worldtaekwondofederation.net. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2014. "Extreme Taekwondo". 30 June 2017. "About Hupkwondo". 23 September 2016. "Questions". "Hanmoodo". 12 October 2023. "Han Moo Do". "What Is Han Mu Do". "Han Mu Do". 26 May 2023. "Teuk Gong Moo Sool" (PDF). "Teuk Gong Moo Sool Germany". Choi, H. H. (1993): Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence, 3rd ed. (Vol. 1, p. 122). Mississauga: International Taekwon-Do Federation. Kukkiwon (2005). Kukkiwon Textbook. Seoul: Osung. ISBN 978-8973367504. S. Benko, James. "Grand Master, Ph.D." The Tenants Of Tae Kwon Do. ITA Institute. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2013. "ITF More Culture". Archived from the original on September 11, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014. "ITF Philosophy". Tkd.otf.org. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014. "WTF Philosophy". Worldtaekwondofederation.net. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014. "Kukkiwon Philosophy". Kukkiwon.or.kr. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014. "ITF Theory of Power". Tkd.co.uk. Archived from the original on September 28, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014. World Taekwondo Federation (2004). "Kyorugi rules". Rules. WorldTaekwondo.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2007-08-11. "WORLD TAEKWONDO FEDERATION COMPETITION RULES & INTERPRETATION" (PDF). World Taekwondo. October 1, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2017. "Taekwondo Rules" (PDF). martialartsweaponstraining.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-03.(24 June 2017, p. 38) Gomez, Brian (August 23, 2009). "New taekwondo scoring system reduces controversy". The Gazette. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-05-06. "British taekwondo chief says new judging system is far from flawless". morethanthegames.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. MARIA CHENG. "Is that a kick? Taekwondo fighters devise new ways to score". sandiegouniontribune.com. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2017-10-02. World Taekwondo Federation (Oct 7, 2010): Competition rules & interpretation[permanent dead link] (7 October 2010, pp. 31–32). Retrieved on 27 November 2010. "WORLD TAEKWONDO FEDERATION POOMSAE COMPETITION RULES & INTERPRETATION" (PDF). World Taekwondo. October 1, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2017. "itf-information.com". Archived from the original on 2012-06-13. Retrieved 2012-01-26. ITF World Junior & Senior Tournament Rules—Rules and Regulations "30 Years of the Student National Taekwondo Championships". Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019. "AAU Taekwondo > Rules/Info > Rules Handbook > 2015 AAU Taekwondo Handbook Divided By Sections". Aautaekwondo.org. Archived from the original on 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2015-06-13. "Main—World Taekwondo Federation". World Taekwondo Federation. Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2016-04-30. "information". Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019. "Paralympic Sports : Taekwondo｜The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games". The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019. Taekwondo World Qualification Tournament Outline, Archived February 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, page 3. ITF TOURNAMENT RULES, pages 21–22. External links Look up taekwondo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taekwondo. Kukkiwon's Guide to Technical Terminology in Taekwondo Archived 2015-11-23 at the Wayback Machine vte Korean martial arts vte Martial arts vte Summer Olympic sports Authority control databases: National Edit this at Wikidata GermanyIsraelUnited StatesJapanCzech Republic Categories: TaekwondoGames and sports introduced in 1955Culture of KoreaKorean martial artsMixed martial arts stylesSports originating in KoreaSummer Olympic sports This page was last edited on 14 March 2024, at 13:01 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trad360_F_485447333_kho8wU77TJ3tWv75A3z0e9kBPo31S5pT4QR0DWX_gallery_image_5596](https://mmatigersdelhi.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/4QR0DWX_gallery_image_5596.webp)
The Problem With Traditional Self-Defense Education.Rethinking Self-Defense: Addressing the Pitfalls of Traditional Education:-
![From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the legal theory of self-defense, see Right of self-defense. For other uses, see Self Defense (disambiguation). "Home defense" redirects here. For the film, see Home Defense. This telescopic steel security baton is sold to the public in Japan (2009). Self-defense (self-defence primarily in Commonwealth English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm.[1] The use of the right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in times of danger is available in many jurisdictions.[2] Physical Demonstration of a jujutsu defense against a knife attack. Berlin, 1924. A Bangladesh Rifles Senior Warrant Officer (left in yellow/green outfit) applies a mechanical advantage control/hold to a United States Marine during a demonstration. Physical self-defense is the use of physical force to counter an immediate threat of violence. Such force can be either armed or unarmed. In either case, the chances of success depend on various parameters, related to the severity of the threat on one hand, but also on the mental and physical preparedness of the defender.[3] Unarmed Many styles of martial arts are practiced for self-defense or include self-defense techniques. Some styles train primarily for self-defense, while other combat sports can be effectively applied for self-defense. Some martial arts train how to escape from a knife or gun situation or how to break away from a punch, while others train how to attack. To provide more practical self-defense, many modern martial arts schools now use a combination of martial arts styles and techniques, and will often customize self-defense training to suit individual participants.[citation needed] Armed Further information: Non-lethal weapon, Melee weapon, and Defensive gun use A wide variety of weapons can be deployed for use in a defensive capacity. The most suitable depends on the threat presented, the victim or victims, and the experience of the defender. Legal restrictions also vary greatly, and influence which self-defense options are available to choose from.[citation needed] In some jurisdictions, firearms may be carried openly or concealed expressly for this purpose, while other jurisdictions have tight restrictions on who can own firearms, and what types they can own. Knives, especially those categorized as switchblades, may also be controlled, as may batons, pepper spray and personal electroshock weapons—although some may be legal to carry with a license or for certain professions.[citation needed] Non-injurious water-based self-defense indelible dye-marker sprays, or ID-marker or DNA-marker sprays linking a suspect to a crime scene, would in most places be legal to own and carry.[4] Everyday objects, such as flashlights, baseball bats, newspapers, keyrings with keys, kitchen utensils and other tools, and hair spray aerosol cans in combination with a lighter, can also be used as improvised weapons for self-defense.[citation needed] Verbal self-defense Verbal self-defense is defined as using words "to prevent, de-escalate, or end an attempted assault."[5] Women's self-defense According to Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics on Rainn, about "80 percent of juvenile victims were female and 90 percent of rape victims were adult women".[6] In addition, women from ages 18 to 34 are highly at risk to experience sexual assault. According to historian Wendy Rouse in Her Own Hero: The Origins of Women's Self-Defense Movement, women's self-defense training emerged in the early twentieth century in the United States and the United Kingdom paralleling the women's rights and suffrage movement. These early feminists sought to raise awareness about the sexual harassment and violence that women faced on the street, at work, and in the home. They challenged the notion that men were their "natural protectors" noting that men were often the perpetrators of violence against women. Women discovered a sense of physical and personal empowerment through training in boxing and jiu-jitsu. Interest in women's self-defense paralleled subsequent waves of the women's rights movement especially with the rise of Second-wave feminism in the 1960s and 1970s and Third-wave feminism in the 1990s.[7] Today's Empowerment Self-Defense (ESD) courses focus on teaching verbal and psychological as well as physical self-defense strategies. ESD courses explore the multiple sources of gender-based violence especially including its connections with sexism, racism, and classism. Empowerment Self-Defense instructors focus on holding perpetrators responsible while empowering women with the idea that they have both the right and ability to protect themselves.[8][9][10][11] Self-defense education Self-defense techniques and recommended behavior under the threat of violence is systematically taught in self-defense classes. Commercial self-defense education is part of the martial arts industry in the wider sense, and many martial arts instructors also give self-defense classes. While all martial arts training can be argued to have some self-defense applications, self-defense courses are marketed explicitly as being oriented towards effectiveness and optimized towards situations as they occur in the real world. Many systems are taught commercially, many tailored to the needs of specific target audiences (e.g. defense against attempted rape for women, self-defense for children and teens). Notable systems taught commercially include: Civilian versions of modern military combatives, such as Krav Maga, Defendo, Spear, Systema Japanese Armed & Unarmed Combat Art Systems directly taught as Combatives with No Sport Aspect, also adapted to modern weapons such as Bujinkan Jujutsu and arts derived from it, such as Aikijujutsu, Aikido, Bartitsu, German ju-jutsu, Kodokan Goshin Jutsu, Yamabujin Goshin-Jutsu. Model Mugging Traditional unarmed fighting styles like Karate, Kung fu, Hapkido, Pencak Silat, Taekkyon, etc. These styles can also include competing. Traditional armed fighting styles like Kali/Eskrima/Arnis. These include competing, as well as armed and unarmed combats. Street Fighting oriented, unarmed systems, such as Jeet Kune Do, Kajukenbo, Won Sung Do ®,[12] and Keysi Fighting Method Martial sports, such as boxing, kickboxing, Muay Thai, savate, shoot boxing, Sanshou, Taekwondo, judo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Sambo, and wrestling. Legal aspects Main articles: Right of self-defense and Self-defence in international law See also: Self-defence in English law Application of the law In any given case, it can be difficult to evaluate whether force was excessive. Allowances for great force may be hard to reconcile with human rights.[citation needed] The Intermediate People's Court of Foshan, People's Republic of China in a 2009 case ruled the killing of a robber during his escape attempt to be justifiable self-defense because "the robbery was still in progress" at this time.[13] In the United States between 2008 and 2012, approximately 1 out of every 38 gun-related deaths (which includes murders, suicides, and accidental deaths) was a justifiable killing, according to the Violence Policy Center.[14] In Canada, self-defense, in the context of criminal law, is a statutory defense that provides a full defense to the commission of a criminal act. It operates as a justification, the successful application of which means that owing to the circumstances in which the act was produced, it is not morally blameworthy. There are three elements an accused must demonstrate to successfully raise self-defense.[citation needed] First, the accused must demonstrate that she or he believed on reasonable grounds that force was going to be used against her or him or another person or that a threat of force is being made against her or him or another person. The reasonableness of the belief is assessed through both a subjective and objective lens. Certain beliefs, including racist beliefs and beliefs induced by self-intoxication are prima facie unreasonable. Other beliefs related to the subjective experience of the accused may, however, be reasonable. These include any relevant military training (R v Khill), heightened awareness of patterns of cyclical violence in intimate relationships (R v Lavallée) and whether the accused has autism (R v Kagan).[citation needed] Second, the act that constitutes the offence is committed for the purpose of defending or protecting themselves or the other person from that use or threat of force.[citation needed] Third, the act that constitutes the offence must have been reasonable in the circumstances. There are a number of indicia which factor into whether the act was reasonable in the circumstances. For one, was the violence or threat of violence imminent? Usually, if there is a significant time interval between the original unlawful assault and the accused's response, it undermines the contention that there were no other means available to respond to the potential use of force and one tends to suspect that the accused was motivated by revenge rather than self-defense. However, R v Lavalleé accepted expert evidence demonstrating that people experiencing battered women's syndrome have special knowledge about the cyclical nature of violence in a way allows them to foresee when harm is coming. Second, it's relevant whether there was a reasonable avenue of escape available to the accused. Under the old self-defense provision, there was a requirement for the accused to have believed on reasonable grounds that there was no alternative course of action open to him at the time, so that he reasonably thought that he was obliged to kill in order to preserve himself from death or grievous bodily harm. Now, even though 34(2)(b) is only one consideration in a non-exhaustive list, the mandatory role it used to play in the common law suggests it carries considerable weight in determining the reasonableness of the act in the circumstances under 34(1)(c) As such, while there is no absolute duty to retreat, it is a prerequisite to the defense that there were no other legal means of responding available. In other words, there may be an obligation to do retreat where there is an option to do so (R v Cain). However, there is an exception to the obligation to retreat which is there is no requirement to flee from your own home to escape an assault to raise self-defense (R v Forde). Moreover, evidence of the accused suffering from battered women's syndrome may evince that the accused reasonably perceived there to have been no means of escape (R v Lavalleé). Third, the accused's role in the incident may play into the reasonableness of her or his act. Consideration of the accused's role is not limited to whether he did any provocative or unlawful acts at it was under the old self-defense provisions (R v Khill). Fourth, the nature and proportionality of the accused's response will factor into whether it was reasonable. While a person is not expected to weigh to a nicety the measure of force used to respond to violence or a threat thereof, grossly disproportionate force will tend to be unreasonable (R v Kong).[citation needed] See also Armed self-defense Airgun Ballistic knife Baton (law enforcement) / Tonfa (martial arts) Boot knife Brass knuckles Club (weapon) Crossbow CS gas Defense wound Defensive gun use Electroshock weapon Gun safety Handgun Hiatt speedcuffs Hollow-point bullet Knife / Combat knife Laser pointer Laser sight Mace (spray) Millwall brick Nunchuku Offensive weapon Paintball gun PAVA spray Pepper spray Personal defense weapon Riot shotgun Self-defense in international law Slapjack (weapon) Slingshot Stun grenade Switchblade Taser Throwing knife Tranquilizer gun Weighted-knuckle glove Kubaton Unarmed self-defense Anti-theft system Armored car Body armor Bodyguard Cyber self-defense Digital self-defense Door security Gated community GPS tracking unit Guard dog Hand to hand combat Intrusion alarm Peroneal strike Personal alarms Physical security Safe room Secure telephone Video surveillance systems Legal and moral aspects Battered woman defense Castle doctrine Concealed carry Constitutional carry Duty to retreat Gun-free zone Gun laws in the United States (by state) Gun politics Gun politics in the United States Justifiable homicide Non-aggression principle Open Carry Reasonable force Self-defense in international law Self-preservation Sell your cloak and buy a sword Stand-your-ground law Use of force Turning the other cheek References Dictionary.com's Definition of "Self-Defense". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on 2 June 2012. Kopel, David B.; Gallant, Paul; Eisen, Joanne D. (2008). "The Human Right of Self-Defense". BYU Journal of Public Law. 22. BYU Law School: 43–178. Joseph, Christopher (22 September 2023). "What is Self Defense? Explaining The Concept of Self Defense". USA Self Defense Centers. Retrieved 7 December 2023. Branded a criminal – Red Offender spray is rolled out at Canterbury's nightspots (KentOnLine.co.uk, 13 May 2010). Retrieved on 5 August 2012. Mattingly, Katy (July 2007). Self-defense: steps to surviva. Human Kinetics. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7360-6689-1. Retrieved 28 July 2010. "Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics | RAINN". rainn.org. Retrieved 22 October 2019. Rouse, Wendy Her Own Hero: The Origins of the Women's Self-Defense Movement. New York: New York University Press, 2017. https://nyupress.org/9781479828531/her-own-hero/ Senn, Charlene Y.; Eliasziw, Misha; Barata, Paula C.; Thurston, Wilfreda E.; Newby-Clark, Ian R.; Radtke, H. Lorraine; Hobden, Karen L. (11 June 2015). "Efficacy of a Sexual Assault Resistance Program for University Women". The New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (24): 2326–2335. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1411131. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 26061837. Hollander, Jocelyn A. (April 2013). "Does Self-Defense Training Prevent Sexual Violence Against Women?". Violence Against Women. 20 (3): 252–269. doi:10.1177/1077801214526046. ISSN 1077-8012. PMID 24626766. S2CID 21607932. Thompson, Martha E. (2013–2014). "Empowering Self-Defense Training". Violence Against Women. 20 (3): 351–359. doi:10.1177/1077801214526051. ISSN 1077-8012. PMID 24686126. S2CID 206668145. McCaughey, Martha; Cermele, Jill (2013–2014). "Guest Editors' Introduction". Violence Against Women. 20 (3): 247–251. doi:10.1177/1077801214526047. ISSN 1077-8012. PMID 24742868. "Won Sung Do". The Won Sung Do Institute. Are There Limits to Self-Defense? Beijing Review, 28 April 2009. Martelle, Scott (19 June 2015). "Gun and self-defense statistics that might surprise you – and the NRA". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 February 2018. External links www.cvpsd.org Center for Violence Prevention and Self Defense Look up self-defense in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Media related to Self-defense at Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote has quotations related to Self-defense. vte Martial arts Authority control databases: National Edit this at Wikidata FranceBnF dataGermanyIsraelUnited StatesJapanCzech Republic Category: Self-defense This page was last edited on 16 March 2024, at 17:10 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.](https://mmatigersdelhi.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/MMA-3-1024x512.png)
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